Ancient+Rome

Activity 2:

Activity 3 __ Part 1 __ 1. The city of Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C.E. According to legend they were from a wealthy family and were abandoned by their uncle. A She-wolf took them in and raised them. Romulus killed his brother Remus and took control as leader of Rome. 2. Both Patricians and Plebians could vote. Both had the right to make legal contracts, and marry, but intermarriage between the classes was not allowed. Patricians were the only ones allowed to hold office. Although both groups were Roman citizens, their rights were different. 3. The Romans sent an army to Sicily in order to intervene in a local dispute. The Carthaginians considered this an invasion of their territory. 241 Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily due to Roman dominance in naval strength. Hanibal (a Carthaginian) began the second Punic War when he retaliated against Roman attempts to get Spain to invade Carthage. Hanibal led an army of 30,000- 40,000 men, 6,000 horses and elephants across the Alps and defeated the Romans. He Carthaginians, under Hannibal were not successful in maintaining control over Roman cities. Rome invaded Carthage and beat Hannibal and his men. A peace treaty was signed in 201 B.C.E. Carthage lost Spain. 50 years later Rome went to war again and this time Rome destroyed the Carthage in 146 B.C.E. and claimed it as a Roman province called Africa. 4. Julius Caesar, Marius’ nephew, came to power and instituted liberal policies and social reform. In 47 B.C.E. he seized power in Rome and was made dictator. A short time later, in 44 B.C.E. he was given the title dictator for life. He made land reforms and gave land to the poor. He increased the Senate to 900 members and then packed it with supporters of his reforms. He gave people in the provinces that had helped him, the status of Roman citizen. He began a number of public works projects and military campaigns in the east. He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C.E. 5. The family included all household members who lived together. Father of the family ruled the household. Women had considerable power in their own families and many ran businesses and managed estates. Ancestor worship was extremely important to the family.

__ Part 2 __ 1. **Roman** **Republic** **-**509 BCE-30 BCE **Roman Empire-** 30 BCE-476 CE 2. “First among equals” 3. - Attempted to reform public morals by promoting family life (largely unsuccessful). -Began the practice of declaring emperors gods, and of picking their own successors. (He called Haley’s Comet the spirit of Caesar.) -Built and maintained the empire’s infrastructure (e.g., roads). Encouraged the growth of business. - Established fire and police departments for Rome. - Established a strong money system. - Extended citizenship to more and more provincials. - Said he “found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” - Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was born in the Roman province of Judea during the reign of Augustus. 4. Roman Peace. Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond 5. They both killed their family and friends and people around them?

__ Part 3 __ 1. Diocletian divided the empire into two administrative realms (east and west) in 285 CE. This was the first step in the creation of what would become two separate empires: – ** Roman (Western) Empire ** – ** Byzantine (Eastern) Empire ** 2. His mother, Helena, had converted to Christianity. Edict of Milan (313 CE) - Christianity legalized (religious toleration). Converted to Christianity on his deathbed 3. Powerful emperor of the Eastern (Byzantine) empire headquartered at Constantinople. Managed to reunite the Eastern and Western empires for a time, but this did not last. Rewrote Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis, or the **Justinian Code**). 4. **Western (Roman) Empire** – Ended officially in 476 CE when the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by a barbarian, Odoacer ** Eastern (Byzantine) Empire ** – Lasted until 1453 when the empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks 5. **Economic Reasons: ** - Gap between rich and poor - Impoverished workers became tied to the land as //coloni// (sold as the land was sold) - As fewer members of the lower classes could afford to buy goods (no purchasing power), manufacturing and trade declined - Large estates became self-sufficient, further hurting manufacturing and trade ** Military Reasons: ** Roman Republic - Armies were servants of Rome Roman Empire - Armies made and unmade emperors Reliance on barbarian troops - Not ultimately loyal to Rome - Could not be counted on to fight their fellow barbarians - Interested in obtaining booty, not defending Rome or furthering Rome’s interests ** Political Reasons: ** Decline in patriotism - Democracy did not exist in reality - Citizens lost their tie (voting rights) to the state - Patriotism became based on loyalty to an emperor, not to Rome Most emperors did not inspire respect or loyalty East/West split - Two empires created problems regarding loyalty No orderly succession - Murders, forced suicides, and civil wars frequently accompanied the transition from one emperor to the next ** Social Reasons: ** Population decline - Hunger - Plagues - War Decline in intellectual culture - People did not dedicate themselves to public service and intellectual pursuits - People instead spent their leisure time watching chariot races and gladiatorial contests Religious divisions - Eastern and Egyptian cults took away the popularity and status of traditional Roman religion - New faiths like Christianity directly questioned and challenged concepts such as imperial divinity 6. **Julius Caesar** (100-44 BCE) – Commentaries //on the Gallic Wars// **Cicero** (106-43 BCE) – Letters and orations – Called the “Father of Latin prose” **Livy** (59 BCE-17 CE) – //Annals//, history of Rome from beginnings to Augustus =__Activity Four__= 